1 Faculty of Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
2 Programme of Statistics, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
Phytochemical Profiling and Assessment of in vitro Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extracts and Various Solvent Fractions of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Leaves
(Page 47 - 54)
Antimicrobial Properties of Endophytes of Two Ethnomedicinal Plants of Assam, Drymaria cordata and Cyperus rotundus (Page 55 - 60)
Diksha Saharia 1, Thounaojam Salvia 2, Laishram Shantikumar Singh 1*
1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India 2 PEWS College of Paramedical Sciences, Amgaon, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
1 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India 2 Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim 737136, India
Pilates for Managing Non-Specific Low Back Pain and its EMG Studies amongst Staff Nurses: A Narrative Review
(Page 72 - 77)
Sungjemmongla Walling 1*, Pranjal Gogoi 2,3
1 Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India 2 Faculty of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India 3 Downtown Hospital, Guwahati, Assam 781006, India
In vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Cleome viscosa L.
(Page 78 - 83)
Abdul Aziz Barbhuiya 1,2, Partha Pratim Dutta 1*, Chandana Choudhury Barua 3, Kalyani Saikia 1,4
1 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India 2 University of Science & Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya 793101, India 3 College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam 781022, India 4 Rahman Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Kamrup (M), Assam 782402, India
Determinants of Hamstring Flexibility in Adolescents: A Review of Body Composition and Physical Activity
(Page 92 - 99)
Banashri Das 1,2, Swapnav Borthakur 3*
1 Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India 2 NEF College of Health Sciences, Guwahati, Assam 781040, India 3 Downtown Hospital, Guwahati, Assam 781006, India
Gastric Aspirate as a Surrogate for Sputum in the Diagnosis of Presumptive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Pediatric Patients
(Page 100 - 105)
Michi Tanyo 1, Laishram Shantikumar Singh 2*, Mika Umpo 3
1,2 Faculty of Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India 3 Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh 791110, India
Advanced Imaging Techniques for Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density: DEXA Vs 1.5T MRI
(Page 106 - 113)
Amit Sarma 1,2, Mrinal Kanti Singha 3*
1 Swami Vivekananda University, West Bengal, India 2 Faculty of Paramedical Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India 3 Downtown Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
1 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India 2 Danteswari College of Pharmacy, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh 494221, India
1 Faculty of Computer Technology, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India 2 Faculty of Agriculture Sciences and Technology, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India 3 Directorate of Innovation, Startup and Acceleration, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
1 Faculty of Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India 2 Centre of Excellence in Nanotechnology, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
Role of Government with Fintech Fostering on UPI Digital Payment System in Unorganized Hospitality and Tourism Sector: A Study in the Indian Context
(Page 146 - 154)
Mridu Pawan Rabha 1*, Bhola Chourasia 1*
1 Faculty of Commerce and Management, Discipline of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
Factors Affecting Inclusive Education in India: A Comparative Analysis
(Page 164 - 170)
Himan Jyoti Bora 1*, Riju Sarma 2, Subhrangshu Dhar 1
1 Department of Social Work, Assam Don Bosco University, Sonapur, Assam 782402, India 2 International Office, Center for Development Studies and Initiatives, Assam Don Bosco University, Sonapur, Assam 782402, India
Work Life and Satisfaction of Women Employees at a Central Public Sector Undertaking
(Page 171 - 176)
Kiron Rajkumari 1,2*, Prateeti Barman 1*, Bijoy Das 3
1,2 Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India 3 District Institute of Education and Training, Hailakandi, Assam, India
Intertwining Nature with Humans: Unearthing Ecological Ramifications in Ruskin Bond’s “An Island of Trees” and “No Room for A Leopard”
(Page 177 - 181)
Kajori Rajkhowa 1, Sagarika Mahanta Das 1*
1 Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
Understanding the drivers of monsoon variability in the Northeast region (NER) of India is crucial, as the region remains one of the most rainfall-dependent yet climate-vulnerable parts of the country. However, the influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on all-India and southwest monsoon rainfall is well established; their teleconnections and distinct impacts on NER remain poorly understood, particularly under isolated (pure) and compound conditions. This study addresses this gap by quantifying the individual and combined effects of ENSO and IOD on Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) over NER using long-term observations (1970-2024) and mechanistic analyses of circulation dynamics. Results show that anomalous wind patterns over the Bay of Bengal (BOB)-especially intensified north-easterlies toward Sumatra during Pure Positive IOD (PPIOD) years-suppress moisture advection and rainfall over NER. Conversely, Pure El Niño (PEN) years are linked to warm SST anomalies over the BOB that enhance convection and rainfall, while Pure Negative IOD (PNIOD) years yield moderate performance. Pure La Niña (PLN) years produce inconsistent outcomes, reflecting unstable circulation dynamics. By uncovering these teleconnection pathways, the study highlights the region’s heightened sensitivity to ocean-atmosphere processes and underscores the need for improved regional forecasting and adaptation strategies.
Keywords:
El Nino Southern Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole, Indian summer monsoon rainfall, Northeast India, Rainfall variability
REVIEW ARTICLE:
MORPHOLOGY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF PRUNUS PLANTS
Diversity, Medicinal Properties, and Chemical Constituents of Genus Prunus Distributed Globally: A Review
Mayuri Saikia 1, Prasenjit Bhagawati 1*
1 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
The genus Prunus has broad groups of fruits such as apricot, cherries, peaches, and plums, along with all the other stone fruits. The genus Prunus belongs to the family Rosaceae and subfamily Amygdaloideae, with around 430 species found all over the world. Nineteen (19) species of Prunus are frequently found in India. Prunus cerasus, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus mahaleb, Prunus persica, Prunus amygdalus, Prunus avium, Prunus domestica, and Prunus cerasoides are the most commonly found species of the genus Prunus all over the world. They are mostly found in the Northern Hemisphere, and in India, their range extends from the Himalayas to Meghalaya, Sikkim, Bhutan, Myanmar, and other areas. All species of Prunus have different microscopic, morphological, pharmacological, and phytoconstituent characteristics. A wide range of phytoconstituents is present in various species of Prunus, which offer great pharmacological and medicinal significance. This review outlines a broad study of Genus Prunus. Different species of Prunus have various medicinal aspects as they help in reducing skin eruptions, peptic ulcers, kidney pain, urinary retention, etc. The species of Prunus also have sedative, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-asthmatic, and many other such properties, which make the genus quite valuable.
1 Faculty of Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
2 Programme of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
Millets are nutrient-dense cereals with immense potential to address global nutritional challenges and enhance food security. In this study, eight millet varieties-sorghum millet (Sorghum bicolor), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), finger millet (Eleusine coracana), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), little millet (Panicum sumatrense), barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea), and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) were procured from the Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, and the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Gosaigaon, Assam, and evaluated for their nutritional composition. Proximate composition was determined following AOAC (2012) protocols. Mineral content was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Statistical differences among the varieties were assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.05). The results revealed that kodo millet contains the highest protein content (14.78 g/100 g), while proso millet exhibits the highest carbohydrate concentration (78.95 g/100 g). Barnyard millet recorded the greatest fat (3.62 g/100 g) and zinc (3.88 mg/100 g) contents. Finger millet stood out for its exceptionally high levels of iron (14.81 mg/100 g) and manganese (29.92 mg/100 g). These findings highlight the nutritional diversity and functional potential of millets, underscoring their role as sustainable, health-promoting cereals that can address malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies globally.
Keywords:
Millets, Nutri-cereals, Health benefits, Nutritional composition, Proximate composition
RESEARCH ARTICLE:
PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
Phytochemical Profiling and Bioactivity Evaluation of Musa velutina H.Wendl. & Drude Root Extract: Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, and Antidiarrheal Insights
Priyam Jyoti Das 1, Moksood Ahmed Laskar 1, Saikat Sen 1, Santa Mandal 1*
1 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
*Corresponding author: Santa Mandal, Email: santamandal@gmail.com
Abstract
This study investigates the phytochemical composition and pharmacological potential of the root extract of Musa velutina H.Wendl. & Drude, an ethnomedicinal wild banana species. Preliminary phytochemical screening and FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of phenolic, flavonoid, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids, indicating its rich bioactive profile. Quantitative assays revealed significant levels of phenolics (24.79 ± 1.26 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (6.05 ± 6.20 mg QE/g). The extract demonstrated strong antioxidant potential with potent DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 8.47 µg/mL), along with effective hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and superoxide scavenging capacities. In vitro anti-inflammatory evaluation using BSA and egg albumin denaturation assays showed dose-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation, suggesting membrane-stabilizing effects. The extract exhibited mild to moderate antibacterial activity, showing greater sensitivity against Staphylococcus aureus than it shows against Escherichia coli. Additionally, in vivo antidiarrheal studies using castor oil and magnesium sulphate models revealed significant protection, with up to 73–74% inhibition of diarrheal episodes at 400 mg/kg, comparable to loperamide. These findings scientifically substantiate the traditional use of Musa velutina H.Wendl. & Drude roots and support their potential as a natural source of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antidiarrheal agents. Further studies will focus on compound isolation and mechanistic validation to enhance pharmacological understanding.
This study explores the phytochemical profile, physicochemical characteristics, and anti-inflammatory properties of Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd, a medicinal plant traditionally used in Asia. It was conducted using morphological, microscopic, and physicochemical tests, such as extractive value determination, ash content measurement, and moisture content analysis. The extracts and fractions were obtained through ethanol extraction and liquid-liquid partitioning; flavonoids, phenols, and alkaloids were identified as key secondary metabolites. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured, with the highest values observed in the ethyl acetate fraction. Anti-inflammatory activity in vitro was assessed using egg albumin and bovine serum albumin denaturation tests, where the ethyl acetate fraction showed significant inhibition compared to standard drugs. These findings suggest that Drymaria cordata contains bioactive compounds with potent anti-inflammatory effects, highlighting its potential as a natural alternative for treating inflammatory diseases and emphasizing the need for further pharmacological studies.
Keywords:Drymaria cordata, Anti-Inflammatory, Moisture content, Traditional medicine, Phytochemical
RESEARCH ARTICLE:
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING OF Phyllanthus acidus (L.)
Phytochemical Profiling and Assessment of in vitro Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extracts and Various Solvent Fractions of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Leaves
The present investigation explores the various aspects of Phyllanthus acidus (PA)(L.) Skeels leaves, including their phytochemical profile, physicochemical properties, total phenolic content, and antioxidant potential. The results of phytoconstituent analysis showed that the leaves contained flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins. Various physicochemical parameters, including extractive values, ash content, loss of drying, and foaming index, were determined as part of the quality standardisation process of the crude drug. The quantitative estimation showed that the PAEA fraction had the maximum phenolic content (28.79±2.13 GAE/g), followed by the ethanol extract and other fractions. Antioxidant activity measured by DPPH scavenging assays revealed concentration-dependent responses for all the samples. Among all the fractions, the PAEA fraction had the strongest activity, being the one with the lowest DPPH IC50 value (27.95±0.1605 µg/mL). The significant relationship that exists between the high phenolic content and potent radical-scavenging activity proves that the phenolic constituents are the primary contributors to the antioxidant potential of PA leaves. The study results not only indicate PA as a promising source of phenolic antioxidants but also bolster its traditional medicinal use and lay down data for future studies in pharmacology and formulation development.
Antimicrobial Properties of Endophytes of Two Ethnomedicinal Plants of Assam, Drymaria cordata and Cyperus rotundus
Diksha Saharia 1, Thounaojam Salvia 2, Laishram Shantikumar Singh 1*
1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
2 PEWS College of Paramedical Sciences, Amgaon, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
Endophytic fungi are widely recognized as prolific sources of bioactive natural products with significant therapeutic potential. In the present study, endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves and stems of Drymaria cordata and the roots of Cyperus rotundus, two ethnomedicinally important plants. A total of 20 fungal isolates were obtained and screened for the production of crude secondary metabolites. The resulting extracts were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against a panel of clinically relevant human pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and the opportunistic fungus Candida albicans. Most isolates exhibited notable antimicrobial activity with both antibacterial and antifungal effects. Interestingly, the inhibitory activity was more pronounced against Candida albicans than against the bacterial strains tested, suggesting stronger antifungal potential. These findings indicate that metabolites derived from endophytic fungi associated with medicinal plants could serve as promising sources of novel antifungal agents. Overall, the results underscore the potential of endophytes as reservoirs of therapeutically valuable bioactive compounds in combating clinically significant microbial pathogens.
1 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Panikhaiti, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
2 Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim 737136, India
Naringin, one of the well-known citrus flavonoids present in grapefruit and oranges, has attracted considerable interest due to its wide range of pharmacological activities and possible use in the control of hypertension. This review provides an in-depth examination of the citrus genus, highlighting the economic and nutritional value of citrus fruits and their abundance of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids. Naringin is analysed in depth regarding its chemical structure, metabolic processes and bioactivity as an anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and cardioprotective agent. Particular reference is given to the antihypertensive activity of naringin and its aglycone, naringenin, tabulating data from preclinical and sparse clinical trials. The mode of action for their blood pressure-reducing activities is discussed, like modulation of calcium channel blockers, inhibition of CYP3A4 and interaction with P-glycoprotein. Epidemiological features of hypertension, particularly from the Indian perspective, are also covered. Although preclinical findings are encouraging, the review points out deficiencies in clinical studies, safety issues, and the necessity of additional research to determine optimal dosing, effectiveness, and long-term safety of naringin in human hypertension treatment. This study highlights the potential of naringin as a natural adjuvant in the management of hypertension and necessitates strict clinical assessment to make these observations a reality in clinical practice.
Pilates for Managing Non-Specific Low Back Pain and its EMG Studies amongst Staff Nurses: A Narrative Review
Sungjemmongla Walling 1*, Pranjal Gogoi 2,3
1* Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
2 Faculty of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Assam down town University
3 Department of Physiotherapy & Rehabilitative Services, Downtown Hospital, Guwahati, Assam 781006 India
Non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) is a disabling musculoskeletal condition largely prevalent among nursing professionals due to the demanding nature of the profession. This review is conducted to explore the work of the Pilates regime, supported by EMG findings pertaining to the activation of a single or a group of muscles, which may help alleviate pain and improve function in this population group. A comprehensive search of literature was employed in electronic databases including PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus and Web of Science. The research articles containing the impact of Pilates as an intervention with relevant EMG findings were screened from the last decade, yielding 13 selected studies for a narrative synthesis to consolidate the findings for this review. Despite limited evidence, an emerging body of research supports the use and efficacy of Pilates, underscoring better flexibility, strength and improved functionality. This review highlights the potential of Pilates as a part of a rehabilitation plan for non-specific low back pain, directing its impact on alleviating pain and associated symptoms. Pilates can be used as a holistic approach to overall body functionality. However, more studies employing well-designed protocols and randomised controlled trials may be conducted to entrench an extensive and robust evidence base.
Keywords:Pilates, non-specific low back pain, NSLBP, EMG, nurses
RESEARCH ARTICLE:
TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL HERB
In vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Cleome viscosa L.
Abdul Aziz Barbhuiya 1,2, Partha Pratim Dutta 1*, Chandana Choudhury Barua 3, Kalyani Saikia 1,4
1 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam, 781026, India
2 University of Science & Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya 793101, India
3 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
4 Rahman Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Kamrup (M), Assam 782402, India
Cleome viscosa L. (Capparaceae), also known as "Asian spider flower," is a traditional medicinal herb widely found in tropical regions and used in folk medicine to treat oxidative stress-related illnesses, such as fever, inflammation, and dermatological disorders. The current work intended to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of an ethanolic extract of C. viscosa (CVE) and its various fractions. An initial phytochemical examination revealed the existence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, and tannins. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of CVE were measured at 38.71 ± 3.10 mg GAE/g and 54.27 ± 3.51 mg QE/g, respectively. In contrast, the ethyl acetate fraction (CVEA) demonstrated the highest TPC at 60.24 ± 3.72 mg GAE/g and TFC at 71.43 ± 2.88 mg QE/g. The effectiveness of antioxidants was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS assays, which indicated that CVEA exhibited the highest scavenging potential, with IC50 values of 86.32 ± 2.52 μg/mL for DPPH and 110.34 ± 4.29 μg/mL for ABTS, followed by the n-butanol fraction. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, evaluated using the protein denaturation method, demonstrated significant inhibition by CVEA (IC50 = 44.78 ± 3.50 μg/mL) in comparison to the standard drug Diclofenac sodium (IC50 = 12.34 ± 1.48 μg/mL). The findings indicate that C. viscosa serves as a significant source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which offer its substantial protective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes. This supports its potential application as a natural therapeutic and phytopharmaceutical candidate for the management of illnesses linked to oxidative stress and inflammation.
Keywords:Phenolic, Flavonoids, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Protein denaturation
RESEARCH ARTICLE:
POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES
Formulation, Characterization, and In Vitro Drug Release Assessment of Cefuroxime Axetil-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles
Infection of a wound remains a major challenge in clinical practice, slowing down the healing process as well as being linked to the development of chronic wounds. Development utilizing polymers is expected to become a novel method for the implementation of nano-sized pharmaceutical drugs, leading to greater efficacy and controlled release of antibacterial agents at the site of the wound. This study developed, optimized, and characterized a polymeric material used to encapsulate an antibacterial drug in nanoparticles effective for wound repair. These polymeric formulations were made using the solvent evaporation method. Biodegradable polymers such as PLGA and ethyl cellulose were used for this purpose, with polyvinyl alcohol acting as the stabilizer. The design of experiments (DOE) was employed to optimize formulation parameters to minimize particle size, minimize PDI, and maximize drug encapsulation. Particle size, PDI, aspect ratio, zeta potential, surface morphology, drug payload, and in vitro release rate were assessed for the best nanoparticle design. The optimized formulation showed a PDI of less than 0.2, demonstrating a uniform distribution and a negative zeta potential, ensuring good colloidal stability. It appears that this nanosizable form can be a doughty therapeutic option in the management of infected wounds and promote the acceleration of tissue regeneration.
Determinants of Hamstring Flexibility in Adolescents: A Review of Body Composition and Physical Activity
Banashri Das 1,2, Swapnav Borthakur 3*
1 Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Physiotherapy Department, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
2 NEF College of Health Sciences, Physiotherapy Department, Guwahati, Assam 781040, India
3 Department of Family Medicine, Downtown Hospital, Guwahati, Assam 781006, India
During the teenage years, having flexible hamstrings matters more than many people realize. It helps prevent injuries and makes daily activities easier. This review looks at what affects hamstring flexibility in teenagers, focusing on two main areas: their body composition and how much they move around. The research is pretty clear—teens who stay active have much better hamstring flexibility than those who spend most of their time sitting. When teens join structured exercise programs, their flexibility improves in ways you can actually measure. Weight and body fat also play a big role. Teens carrying extra weight or higher body fat percentages often struggle with flexibility, finding it harder to bend forward or move through full ranges of motion. Those at healthy weights consistently perform better on flexibility tests. Getting involved in organized sports, particularly soccer, does more for flexibility than just attending gym class. What this all means is that flexibility isn't about doing just one thing right. Teens need both regular physical activity and healthy body weight working together. Understanding this helps us create better programs to keep young people flexible, injury-free, and physically healthy during these important growing years.
Keywords:Hamstring, BMI, WHtR, WHR, IPAQ
RESEARCH ARTICLE:
PRESUMPTIVE PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Gastric Aspirate as a Surrogate for Sputum in the Diagnosis of Presumptive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Pediatric Patients
Michi Tanyo 1, Laishram Shantikumar Singh 2*, Mika Umpo 3
1,2 Faculty of Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam, 781026, India
3 Department of Microbiology, Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh, 791110, India
Microbiological confirmation of paediatric tuberculosis (TB) is often challenging due to the paucibacillary nature of the disease and difficulties in obtaining quality sputum samples. This positions gastric aspirate (GA) as a potential, yet debated, surrogate for a sputum sample. To address this, a prospective study was conducted to compare the diagnostic utility of GA with sputum samples for presumptive pulmonary TB in children, utilizing Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining, Truenat MTB assay, and liquid culture by BACTEC MGIT 960 as the gold standard. Across 194 samples, Truenat MTB demonstrated 90% sensitivity for sputum samples compared to 57.1% for GA, with both exhibiting 100% specificity. Conversely, ZN staining showed considerably lower sensitivities for both sample types (sputum 50%, GA 14.33%). The study concluded that while GA's sensitivity is generally questionable across diagnostic methods, its high positive and negative predictive values can offer significant utility in clinical decision-making.
Advanced Imaging Techniques for Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density: DEXA Vs 1.5T MRI
Amit Sarma 1,2, Mrinal Kanti Singha 3*
1 Swami Vivekananda University, Telinipara, West Bengal, India
2 Faculty of Paramedical Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
3 Department of Radiology and Imaging, Downtown Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
*Corresponding author: Mrinal Kanti Singha, Email: mrinal.singha121@gmail.com
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a major global health concern, especially affecting the lumbar spine due to age-related deterioration of trabecular bone and bone mass loss. Accurate measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) is crucial for early diagnosis, risk assessment, and management of osteoporosis. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is widely considered the gold standard for BMD assessment; however, it only measures areal BMD and can be prone to errors in cases of spinal degeneration or structural artifacts. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 1.5 Tesla offers a non-ionizing alternative that can assess bone microarchitecture and marrow composition, providing more detailed insights into bone quality than traditional methods. This hospital-based comparative study involved 100 participants from Guwahati, Assam, evaluating lumbar spine BMD using both DEXA (L1–L4) and MRI. DEXA parameters such as BMD, T-scores, and Z-scores were obtained through automated analysis, while MRI signal intensities were measured on T1- and T2-weighted sagittal images using a standardized 1 cm² region of interest at the L3 vertebral body. Statistical analysis examined correlations between MRI signal values and DEXA-derived indices. The results showed that although DEXA remains superior for quantitative BMD measurements and clinical classification, MRI provides additional information on bone marrow composition and vertebral microstructure, especially in cases of degeneration. In conclusion, 1.5T MRI shows significant potential as a complementary, radiation-free tool to DEXA, improving diagnostic accuracy and aiding early detection and risk assessment in osteoporosis.
Keywords:Bone mineral density, Lumbar spine, 1.5T MRI, DEXA, Osteoporosis, Bone microarchitecture, T-score
RESEARCH ARTICLE:
METFORMIN-PHARMACOKINETIC INVESTIGATIONS
Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Metformin in Human Plasma by LC–MS/MS for Pharmacokinetic Investigations
1 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
2 Danteswari College of Pharmacy, Jagdalpur, Bastar, Chhattisgarh 494221 India
Metformin remains the preferred initial treatment for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus, making its reliable measurement in human plasma crucial for pharmacokinetic assessments and bioequivalence evaluations. Many existing analytical techniques do not provide adequate sensitivity, extraction efficiency, or analytical throughput, emphasizing the need for a more robust and fully validated bioanalytical approach. This work focused on establishing and validating a highly sensitive, efficient and selective LC-ESI-MS/MS method for determining metformin concentrations in human plasma. Human plasma samples were prepared using a liquid–liquid extraction procedure with acetonitrile. Separation was carried out on a Phenomenex C18 column (50 × 3.0 mm, 5 µm), employing a gradient mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid containing 10 mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile. Clopidogrel carboxylic acid served as the internal standard. Quantification was performed on an API 400 QTRAP mass spectrometer in MRM mode using positive electrospray ionization. The assay achieved an LLOQ of 31.25 ng/mL and demonstrated linearity over the concentration range of 31.25–4000 ng/mL with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.99. Metformin recovery ranged from 91% to 103%, while the internal standard recovery ranged from 89% to 96%. Both intra-day and inter-day precision remained below 10%, and accuracy across all QC levels was within ±15%. Stability testing confirmed that the analyte remained stable under freeze–thaw cycles, bench-top conditions, long-term storage, and during autosampler residence. The developed LC-ESI-MS/MS method is rapid, highly sensitive, and reproducible, making it well-suited for routine analysis in pharmacokinetic studies, therapeutic drug monitoring, and clinical research involving metformin.
Keywords:Metformin; LC-ESI-MS/MS; Bioanalytical method validation; Pharmacokinetics; Human plasma
REVIEW ARTICLE:
MACHINE LEARNING, TEA PLANT DISEASE DETECTION
Advances in Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Tea Leaf Disease Detection: A Review
1 Faculty of Computer Technology, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
2 Faculty of Agriculture Sciences and Technology, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
3 Directorate of Innovation, Startup and Acceleration, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
Monitoring plant diseases remains an important task in agriculture because infections that are not detected early can reduce crop yield, farmer livelihoods, and food security. Tea (Camellia sinensis), grown extensively across many regions, is sensitive to various fungal, bacterial, and algal diseases that damage leaves and lower both quality and productivity. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as field inspection, microscopic examination, and laboratory tests like PCR or ELISA, can provide reliable results, but they are slow, require trained personnel, and are difficult to apply regularly over large tea-growing areas. With the increasing availability of high-quality imaging tools and advances in computational methods, research has steadily moved toward automated systems for disease detection. Earlier machine-learning methods, which depended on handcrafted features and classifiers such as SVM, random forest, and k-NN, showed initial promise but often struggled under changing field conditions. Deep-learning models, especially convolutional neural networks, have improved accuracy by learning meaningful visual patterns directly from images. More recent studies also use object-detection methods such as YOLO and region-based CNNs to locate and highlight infected regions. Techniques like transfer learning and data augmentation help address the common limitation of small labelled datasets for tea leaves. Alongside these developments, UAV-based imaging using RGB, multispectral, and hyperspectral sensors now allows fast and non-contact observation of tea fields from a wider perspective. However, challenges remain, including differences among tea varieties, unstable lighting in field images, and the need for lightweight models that can run efficiently on portable devices. This review brings together these developments and describes how detection methods have progressed from simple field inspection to advanced imaging and computational tools. The review also highlights future directions such as improved sensor integration, compact deep-learning models for on-site use, better UAV-based monitoring, and the creation of large open datasets to support reliable research and practical field applications.
1 Faculty of Science, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
2 Centre of Excellence in Nanotechnology, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) in metallic NPs can be used to detect metal ions, which is a novel and eco-friendly method to address heavy metal pollution in medical wastewater. Gadolinium (Gd), a rare earth metal commonly used as a contrast agent in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), has caused its release into wastewater systems, raising environmental concerns due to its potential toxicity. The present work focuses on the use of chitosan as a biopolymer in capping gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the detection of Gd (+3) ions in an aqueous environment. A green technique has been used to synthesise AuNPs using the Nirgundi (Vitex negundo) plant extract as the reducing agent. Reports indicate that its leaves contain various phytochemicals, which assist in reducing gold to a nanoparticle scale. The capping agent, chitosan, being a chelator, gives the nanoparticles the appropriate characteristics to utilize as sensors and offers just enough steric hindrance to maintain the colloid's stability. Comparison of the optical absorption spectra before and after exposure to the nanoparticles can effectively ascertain the concentration of the Gd (+3) ion as a colloidal dispersion. The sensor could detect as low as 230.4 ppm with good repeatability. The study infers that V. negundo is an effective reducing agent for synthesizing AuNPs. This method exploits the biocompatibility and long-lasting properties of chitosan along with the unique optical properties of AuNPs to create a detection system that is both sensitive and selectives. The use of a green synthesis technique not only aligns with sustainability principles but also enhances the potential for practical applications in environmental monitoring.
The increasing burden on hospital-based infrastructure and a growing elderly population have accelerated interest in home-based healthcare models in Indian urban settings. This study investigates and categorizes existing home-based healthcare service models in Guwahati City, Assam, and identifies operational challenges. Using a structured quantitative survey involving 102 stakeholders, including nurses, aides, and physiotherapists, the research highlights six distinct service models dominated by private providers. Key challenges identified include a lack of skilled professionals, high service costs, limited palliative care availability, and poor coordination with institutional healthcare. Findings underscore the need for policy integration, technology adoption, and greater public-private collaboration to build a sustainable, accessible, and standardized home healthcare framework in India’s second-tier cities. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using structured questionnaires distributed to 102 stakeholders engaged in home-based healthcare in Guwahati. Purposive and convenience sampling targeted professionals, including nurses, physiotherapists, and aides. The research focused on identifying care models, technologies used, service coordination practices, and operational difficulties. Major findings include: Six distinct identified service models, Basic Medical Care, Chronic Disease Management, Rehabilitative, Home Health Aide-Dominant, Tech-Enhanced Home Care, and Specialized Palliative Care. 100% of services were privately operated. The most common professionals were nurses (42%) and aides (35%). Technology adoption was moderate. Coordination was largely informal. The primary challenges cited were the shortage of skilled professionals, followed by affordability issues.
Keywords:Home-based healthcare, urban health, Service models, Indian healthcare delivery, Decentralization of Healthcare
RESEARCH ARTICLE:
UPI DIGITAL PAYMENT SYSTEM IN TOURISM
Role of Government with Fintech Fostering on UPI Digital Payment System in Unorganized Hospitality and Tourism Sector: A Study in the Indian Context
Mridu Pawan Rabha 1*, Bhola Chourasia 1*
1* Faculty of Commerce and Management, Discipline of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
Hospitality, travel and tourism are service industries. India's tourist business is one of the fastest-growing in the G20, gaining 8.5% in 2016 and 6.7% in 2018. The travel and tourism business in India accounted for 9.6% of the country's GDP in 2016, generating ₹14.1 trillion (USD 208.9 billion), ranking eighth globally, according to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). India was 40th in the 2016 UN World Tourism Organization rankings with 9 million foreign tourists. To prepare for the sector's expansion, the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, created the new e-visa system, Make in India investment facilitation, key tourism infrastructure and ease-of-doing-business regulations. Recently, the government and the fintech sector have strengthened the tourism value chain by adopting digital payment solutions, such as the Unified Payments Interface (UPI). These measures also target unorganized tourism businesses like tour guides, taxi drivers, street vendors, home stays, craftsmanship artisans, rural tourism operators and other SMTEs to promote cashless transactions. UPI's interoperability, real-time settlement and QR-code payments allow these stakeholders to accept local and international payments. It decreases cash use and transaction obstacles. This exploratory paper examines how government measures may foster fintech-powered UPIs in the unorganized tourism sector. It examines how policy support, digital infrastructure development and innovative fintech solutions are transforming payment practices to better understand how cashless tourism can improve service accessibility, financial inclusion and sustainable growth in India's tourism ecosystem.
Occupational burnout poses a serious challenge to occupational health and workforce sustainability among social workers worldwide, especially in developing regions with limited occupational health infrastructure. This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence, dimensions, and correlates of burnout among 40 trained social workers in Assam, India, using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory and the Brief COPE inventory. Results showed that 82.5% experienced personal burnout above the clinical threshold, 42.5% faced work-related burnout, and 2.5% experienced client-related burnout. Problem-focused coping notably reduced client-related burnout (r = -0.433, p = 0.005), while professional experience served as a strong protective factor against personal burnout (d = 0.887) and work-related burnout (d = 0.798). Weekly working hours were significantly associated with work-related burnout (r = 0.360, p = 0.023). The study revealed that the organizational factors, such as prevention resources, support, organization type, and employment sector, did not show significant relationships with burnout. These findings suggest that individual experience and workload, rather than organizational provisions, are the main predictors of burnout among Assamese social workers. Effective occupational health interventions should target workload management, early-career mentorship, and problem-focused coping skills training rather than resource provision alone.
Keywords:Burnout, Social workers, Occupational health, Coping strategies, India, Assam
RESEARCH ARTICLE:
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
Factors Affecting Inclusive Education in India: A Comparative Analysis
Himan Jyoti Bora 1*, Riju Sarma 2, Subhrangshu Dhar 1
1 Department of Social Work, Assam Don Bosco University, Sonapur, Assam 782402, India
2 International Office, Center for Development Studies and Initiatives, Assam Don Bosco University, Sonapur, Assam 782402, India
In India, the implementation of inclusive education remains hindered by disparities in socio-economic status, infrastructure, and cultural practices. This study aims to systematically review existing literature to identify the key factors influencing inclusive education for children with disabilities. Through a synthesis of 41 peer-reviewed journal articles, the study provides evidence-based insights to enhance educational inclusion. A systematic literature review methodology was adopted, focusing on peer-reviewed journal articles related to inclusive education in India. The selected studies were analysed to identify recurring themes, challenges, and enablers across various contexts. Particular attention was given to policy frameworks, teacher preparedness, infrastructural support, and cultural attitudes toward disability inclusion in education. The review highlights multiple barriers to inclusive education, including inadequate infrastructure, insufficient teacher training, and limited policy implementation. It also identifies enabling factors such as targeted teacher professional development, standardized disability support measures, and increased awareness. The findings suggest that inclusive education can be strengthened through holistic interventions encompassing policy reform, educator capacity-building, and improved school environments. Advancing inclusive education in India requires a multifaceted approach that addresses both systemic barriers and classroom-level practices. The study emphasizes the need for continuous professional development, robust infrastructure, and comprehensive enforcement of inclusive education policies. The findings are relevant for policymakers, educators, and stakeholders seeking to enhance the inclusivity and effectiveness of the Indian education system. However, generalizability may be constrained by the scope of selected studies and the diversity of educational contexts in India.
Keywords:Inclusive Education, Disability Inclusion, Teacher Training, Educational Policy, India
RESEARCH ARTICLE:
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Work Life and Satisfaction of Women Employees at a Central Public Sector Undertaking
Kiron Rajkumari 1, 2*, Prateeti Barman 1*, Bijoy Das 3
1, 2 * Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
2* Department of Social Work, University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya
3 District Institute of Education and Training, Hailakandi, Assam, India
An organization's overall success and the satisfaction of female employees both depend on maintaining a healthy work-life balance. It displays how happy workers are with their workplace. In this study, women employees of a central public sector undertaking were asked to evaluate the relationship between balancing work-life and employee satisfaction. Demographic characteristics and other factors that influence employment satisfaction, such as working hours, working conditions, incentives and recognition, accessibility to infrastructure, and recreational opportunities, were considered when collecting the data. A self-structured questionnaire was used to gather data from primary and secondary sources, as well as from prior research and other sources. The Krejcie-Morgan table was used to determine the study's sample size. A total of 75 employees across various departments of Oil India Limited, Duliajan in Assam, a Central Public Sector Undertaking, were included by a simple random sampling technique, and out of these, 63 participants responded. The study found that 85.7% of respondents reported being fairly satisfied with their current jobs. Additionally, 50.8% of female employees indicated satisfaction with their colleagues. Furthermore, female employees expressed positive responses toward the organization's recreational facilities, including sports amenities, personal development courses, and opportunities to pursue hobbies. This study provides valuable insights that can help the organization to enhance its work processes, benefit plans, policies, and internal job adjustments, ultimately contributing to long-term organizational growth and employee well-being.
Keywords:Balancing Work Life, Employee satisfaction, Oil India Limited, Working Wome
RESEARCH ARTICLE:
ENGLISH LITERATURE
Intertwining Nature with Humans: Unearthing Ecological Ramifications in Ruskin Bond’s “An Island of Trees” and “No Room for A Leopard”
Kajori Rajkhowa 1, Sagarika Mahanta Das 1*
1 Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Assam down town University, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
Studies on the ontological belonging of an individual in relation to the surrounding environment have attained a significant position in literary discourse in the current-day scenario. There have been numerous writers who have focused on explicating different entanglements and connections, showcasing a direct link between the natural environment and the physical landscape of humans. Ruskin Bond, the pioneer of short-story writing in a broader literary canvas, has critically delved deep into different intricacies of the connections between nature and individuals in his writings, primarily in his short stories. Nature, in his stories, almost transcends itself to be a regulatory force of narratives more than just a physical environmental entity. What Bond captivatingly does is that he warrants a deep investigation from his readers as to how natural ramifications find themselves placed amidst various life experiences of his protagonists, denoting his concerns towards ecological sensibility. Readers find that there is a very mysterious power that guides different activities that take place within the natural environment in Bond’s stories- a trait that has elevated his status to be a literary giant. This paper is a humble attempt to showcase the deep connection between forces of nature and the existence of individuals in Bond’s two notable short stories, “An Island of Trees” and “No Room for A Leopard.” The paper makes use of William Rueckert’s idea of ecocriticism to comprehend that the central protagonists find themselves in an interdependent stance with nature in these stories. The methodology employed in this research is a qualitative explication of the inherent thematic concerns of these two stories, adhering to an analysis of their plots.
The theatre industry of Assam witnessed a giant leap towards modernization with the process of transformation from Jatraldol to Bhramyoman theatre. Along with uplifting connected theatre groups towards revenue generation, this bright form of art encourages employment in technical, directing, and acting careers. However, in recent times, critics of mobile theatre have opined that, instead of growing commercial success, theatre groups are focusing more on onstage gimmicks and undermining the essence of quality plays. This paper attempts to address the question regarding the confrontations between maintaining the essence of the plays and modernization. The paper is structured as a review paper. Bhramyoman theatre has to embrace modern techniques and narrative approaches while preserving its cultural integrity if it is to succeed in the long run. Modern audiences have to be engaged by a mix of invention and convention. Through cooperative research and inventive experimentation, the gap between heritage and modernity may be bridged, therefore preserving its cultural essence while also guaranteeing its economic and artistic feasibility.
Keywords:Bhramyoman theatre, livelihood, Innovation, Tradition, Cultural heritage
